[{"id": 391156, "created": "2024-06-03T08:06:03.565233", "project_id": 193, "task_id": 452957, "user_id": 300, "user_ip": null, "finish_time": "2024-06-03T08:08:39.753523", "timeout": null, "calibration": null, "external_uid": null, "media_url": null, "info": {"answer": "Prithvi Narayan Shah's Divyopadesh, written toward the end of his life, around 1774\u201375, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature. Manuscript of Bhanubhakta Acharya's Bhanubhakta Ramayana led to \"cultural, emotional and linguistic unification\" of Nepal.", "data_id": "a03ba6b81acddb6d2298756251b9d02c", "category": "literature", "question": "Who wrote the Nepali language?", "answer_URLs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language", "answer_type": "partial", "input_query": "What is literature in Nepali?", "is_reliable": "very_reliable", "edited_answer": "The term Nepali derived from Nepal was officially adopted by the Government of Nepal in 1933, when Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a government institution established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as Sajha Prakashan.[7] Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled \"Shriman Gambhir\" was changed to Nepali in 1951.[8] However, the term Nepali was used before the official adoption notably by Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh, now considered one of the national heroes of Nepal, who advocated for the embracement of the term.[9]\n\nThe initial name of Nepali language was \"Khas Kura\" (\u0916\u0938 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u093e), meaning language or speech of the Khas people, who are descended from the ancient Khasas of Mahabharata, as the language developed during the rule of the Khasa Kingdom in the western Nepal.[10][11] Following the Unification of Nepal led by Shah dynasty's Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepali language became known as Gorakh\u0101 Bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101 (\u0917\u094b\u0930\u0916\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e; language of the Gorkhas) as it was spoken by Gorkhas.[12][13] The people living in the Pahad or the hilly region, where it does not generally contain snow, called the language Parvate Kur\u0101 (\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u093e), meaning the speech of the hills.[14][15]\n\nHistory\nEarly forms of present-day Nepali developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhra\u1e43\u015ba Vernaculars of present-day western Nepal in the 10th\u201314th centuries, during the times of the Khasa Kingdom.[16] The language evolved from Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Apabhra\u1e43\u015ba.[16] Following the decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided into Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali-Bheri region and Chaubise rajya (24 principalities) in Gandaki region.[16] The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of Khas people from the Karnali-Bheri-Seti eastward to settle in lower valleys of the Karnali and the Gandaki basin.[17][16]\n\nDuring the times of Sena dynasty, who ruled a vast area in Terai and central hills of Nepal, Nepali language became influenced by the Indian languages including Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Braj Bhasha and Maithili.[16] Nepali speakers and Senas had a close connect, subsequently, the language became the lingua franca in the area.[16] As a result, the grammar became simplified, vocabulary was expanded, and its phonology was softened, after it was syncretised, Nepali lost much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages.[16] In the Kathmandu Valley (then known as Nepal Mandala), Nepali language inscriptions can be seen during the reigns of Lakshmi Narasimha Malla and Pratap Malla, which indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu Valley.[18]\n\nMiddle Nepali\nCopper Inscription by King of Doti, Raika Mandhata Shahi, at Saka Era 1612 (1747 BS) in old Nepali language using Devanagari script\nThe institutionalisation of the Nepali language is believed to have started with the Shah kings of Gorkha Kingdom, in the modern day Gorkha District of Nepal.[19] Following the Unification of Nepal, the language moved to the court of the Kingdom of Nepal in the 18th century, where it became the state language.[19] One of the earliest works in the Middile Nepali is written during the reign of Ram Shah, King of Gorkha, a book by unknown writer called Ram Shah ko Jivani (A Biography of Ram Shah).[19] Prithvi Narayan Shah's Divyopadesh, written toward the end of his life, around 1774\u201375, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature.[20]\n\nDuring this time Nepali developed a standardised prose in the Lal mohar (royal charter)\u2014documents related to the Nepalese Kingdom dealing with diplomatic writings, tax, and administrative records.[19] The language of the Lal mohar is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with a pre-modern orthography.[21] Few changes including changing Kari (\u0915\u0930\u093f) to Gari (\u0917\u0930\u093f) and merging Hunu (\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941) with cha (\u091b) to create huncha (\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b) were done.[21] The most prominent work written during this time was Bhanubhakta Acharya's Bhanubhakta Ramayana, a translation of the epic Ramayana from Sanskrit to Nepali for the first time.[22] Acharya's work led to which some describe as \"cultural, emotional and linguistic unification\" of Nepal, comparatively to Prithvi Narayan Shah who unified Nepal.[23][24]\n\nModern Nepali\nThe modern period of Nepali begins in the early 20th century.[6] During this time the ruling Rana dynasty made various attempts to make Nepali the language of education, notably, by Dev Shumsher and Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana, who established Gorkhapatra, and the Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti respectively.[25][7] At this time, Nepali had limited literature compared to Hindi and Bengali languages, a movement notably in Banaras, and Darjeeling was started to create uniformed Nepali identity, which was later adopted in Nepal following the 1951 Nepalese revolution and during the Panchayat system.[25] In 1957, Royal Nepal Academy was established with the objectives of developing and promoting Nepali literature, culture, art and science.[26] During Panchayat, Nepal adopted a \"One King, One Dress, One Language, One Nation\" ideology, which promoted Nepali language as basis for Nepali nationalism, this time is considered to be a Golden Age for the language.[27][28]\n\nIn West Bengal, Nepali language was recognised by West Bengal Government in 1961 as the official language for the Darjeeling district, and Kalimpong and Kurseong.[29] The Nepali Language Movement took place in India around 1980s to include Nepali language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.[30] In 1977, Nepali was officially accepted by Sahitya Academy, an organisation dedicated to the promotion of Indian literature.[31] After Sikkim was annexe by India, the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977, made Nepali as one of the official languages of state.[32] On 20 August 1992, the Lok Sabha passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the Eighth Schedule.[33]", "question_type": "good"}}]